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1.
Acta Med Port ; 36(9): 577-587, 2023 Sep 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37339163

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Screening is effective in reducing cancer-related morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to analyze the level of, and income-related inequalities in, screening attendance, in Portugal for population-based screening programs. METHODS: Data from the Portuguese Health Interview Survey 2019 was used. Variables included in the analysis were self-reported: mammography, pap smear test, fecal occult blood test. Prevalence and concentration indices were computed at national/regional level. We analyzed: up-to-date screening (within recommended age/interval), under-screening (never or overdue screening), and over-screening (due to frequency higher than recommended or screening outside target group). RESULTS: Up-to-date screening rates were 81.1%, 72%, and 40%, for breast, cervical and colorectal cancer, respectively. Never-screening was 3.4%, 15.7%, and 39.9%, for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer, respectively. Over-screening related with frequency was highest for cervical cancer; in breast cancer, over-screening was observed outside recommended age, affecting one third of younger women and one fourth of older women. In these cancers, over-screening was concentrated among women with higher income. Never-screening was concentrated among individuals with lower income for cervical cancer and higher income for colorectal cancer. Beyond the recommended age, 50% of individuals never underwent screening for colorectal cancer and 41% of women never underwent screening for cervical cancer. CONCLUSION: Overall, screening attendance was high, and inequalities were low in the case of breast cancer screening. The priority for colorectal cancer should be to increase screening attendance.


Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Colorectal Neoplasms , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms , Humans , Female , Aged , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control , Vaginal Smears , Portugal/epidemiology , Early Detection of Cancer , Prevalence , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis , Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology , Mass Screening , Socioeconomic Factors
2.
Eur J Ageing ; 20(1): 12, 2023 Apr 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37119316

ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 pandemic led to unprecedented levels of subjective unmet healthcare needs (SUN). This study investigates the association between SUN in 2020 and three health outcomes in 2021-mortality, cancer, and self-assessed health (SAH), among adults aged 50 years and older, using data from the regular administration of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and from the two special waves administered in 2020 and 2021 regarding COVID-19. Three types of SUN were surveyed: care foregone due to fear of contracting COVID-19, pre-scheduled care postponed, and inability to get medical appointments or treatments demanded. We resort on the relative risk and the logistic specification to investigate the association between SUN and health outcomes. To avoid simultaneity, 1-year lagged SUN variables are used. We found a negative association between SUN and mortality. This result differs from the (scarce) previous evidence, suggesting that health systems prioritised life-threatening conditions, in the pandemic context. In line with previous studies, we obtained a positive association between SUN and worse health, in the case of cancer, though it is statistically significant only for the global measure of SUN (any reason). The higher chances of reporting cancer among those exposed to SUN might mean delayed cancer diagnosis, confirming that healthcare foregone was truly needed for a timely diagnosis. The association between SUN and poor or fair SAH is positive but not statistically significant, for the period analysed.

3.
Cien Saude Colet ; 28(1): 107, 2023 Jan.
Article in Portuguese, English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36629557

ABSTRACT

Horizontal equity in the use of healthcare implies equal use for equal needs, regardless of other factors - be they predisposing or enabling (Andersen's model). This study aimed to assess equity in the use of doctor's appointments in Portugal in 2019, comparing the results with those obtained in a previous study, based on data from 2014. Data were retrieved from the Health Interview Survey 2019 (HIS 2019). Healthcare is measured by the number of doctor's appointments. Our study adopted the Negative Binomial Model to assess the factors affecting use. The concentration index was calculated to quantify income-related inequality/inequity. Compared to 2014, the effects of self-assessed health, limitations in daily living activities, and longstanding illnesses are more pronounced, and the region, income, household type and marital status are significant for appointments scheduled with a General Practitioner. In the case of appointments with specialists, health insurance lost statistical significance and the effect of education dropped; however, income became significant. The inequity index is not significant for appointments scheduled with a General Practitioner, as in 2014, but the (significant) value of this index increased for appointments with other specialists.


A equidade horizontal no uso de cuidados de saúde requer igual uso para igual necessidade, independentemente de outros fatores - predisponentes ou de capacitação (modelo de Andersen). O objetivo é avaliar a equidade no uso de consultas médicas em Portugal em 2019, comparando os resultados com os obtidos em estudo anterior, com dados de 2014. Os dados vêm do Inquérito Nacional de Saúde 2019. O uso de cuidados é medido pelo número de consultas. Para avaliar as determinantes da utilização, adota-se o modelo binomial negativo. Para quantificar a desigualdade/iniquidade relacionada com o rendimento, calcula-se o índice de concentração. Face a 2014, os efeitos do estado de saúde autoavaliado, limitação nas atividades diárias e problema de saúde prolongado são mais pronunciados e, a região, rendimento, tipo de agregado e estado civil são significativos, nas consultas de medicina geral e familiar. Nas outras consultas, o seguro perdeu significância estatística e o efeito educação foi atenuado, mas emergiu um efeito rendimento. O índice de iniquidade não é significativo nas consultas de medicina geral e familiar, como em 2014, mas o valor (significativo) desse índice aumentou para as consultas de outras especialidades.


Subject(s)
Health Services Accessibility , Healthcare Disparities , Humans , Portugal , Income , Health Surveys , Socioeconomic Factors
4.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 28(1): 107-107, jan. 2023. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1421130

ABSTRACT

Resumo A equidade horizontal no uso de cuidados de saúde requer igual uso para igual necessidade, independentemente de outros fatores - predisponentes ou de capacitação (modelo de Andersen). O objetivo é avaliar a equidade no uso de consultas médicas em Portugal em 2019, comparando os resultados com os obtidos em estudo anterior, com dados de 2014. Os dados vêm do Inquérito Nacional de Saúde 2019. O uso de cuidados é medido pelo número de consultas. Para avaliar as determinantes da utilização, adota-se o modelo binomial negativo. Para quantificar a desigualdade/iniquidade relacionada com o rendimento, calcula-se o índice de concentração. Face a 2014, os efeitos do estado de saúde autoavaliado, limitação nas atividades diárias e problema de saúde prolongado são mais pronunciados e, a região, rendimento, tipo de agregado e estado civil são significativos, nas consultas de medicina geral e familiar. Nas outras consultas, o seguro perdeu significância estatística e o efeito educação foi atenuado, mas emergiu um efeito rendimento. O índice de iniquidade não é significativo nas consultas de medicina geral e familiar, como em 2014, mas o valor (significativo) desse índice aumentou para as consultas de outras especialidades.


Abstract Horizontal equity in the use of healthcare implies equal use for equal needs, regardless of other factors - be they predisposing or enabling (Andersen's model). This study aimed to assess equity in the use of doctor's appointments in Portugal in 2019, comparing the results with those obtained in a previous study, based on data from 2014. Data were retrieved from the Health Interview Survey 2019 (HIS 2019). Healthcare is measured by the number of doctor's appointments. Our study adopted the Negative Binomial Model to assess the factors affecting use. The concentration index was calculated to quantify income-related inequality/inequity. Compared to 2014, the effects of self-assessed health, limitations in daily living activities, and longstanding illnesses are more pronounced, and the region, income, household type and marital status are significant for appointments scheduled with a General Practitioner. In the case of appointments with specialists, health insurance lost statistical significance and the effect of education dropped; however, income became significant. The inequity index is not significant for appointments scheduled with a General Practitioner, as in 2014, but the (significant) value of this index increased for appointments with other specialists.

5.
Soc Sci Med ; 312: 115371, 2022 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36137367

ABSTRACT

Screening for breast and cervical cancer is strongly related with a reduction in cancer mortality but previous evidence has found socioeconomic inequalities in screening. Using up-to-date data from the second wave of the European Health Interview Survey (2013-2015), this study aims to analyse income-related inequalities in mammography screening and Pap smear test in 30 European countries. We propose a framework that combines age group and screening interval, identifying situations of due-, under-, and over-screening. Coverage rates, standard and generalised concentration indices are calculated. Overall, pro-rich inequalities in screening persist though there are varied combinations of prevalence of screening attendance and relative inequality across countries. Bulgaria and particularly Romania stand out with low coverage and high inequality. Some Baltic and Mediterranean countries also present less favourable figures on both accounts. In general, there are not marked differences between mammography and Pap smear test, for the recommended situation ('Due-screening'). 'Extreme under-screening' is concentrated among lower income quintiles in basically all countries analysed, for both screenings. These women, who never screened, are at risk of entering the group of 'Lost opportunity', once they reach the upper-limit age of the target group. At the same time, there are signals of 'Over-screening', within target group, due to screening more frequently than recommended. In several countries, 'Over-screening' seems to be concentrated among richer women. This is not only a waste of resources, but it can also cause harms. The inequalities found in 'Extreme under-screening' and 'Over-screening' raise concerns on whether women are making informed choices.


Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Early Detection of Cancer , Female , Humans , Mammography , Mass Screening , Papanicolaou Test , Socioeconomic Factors , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control , Vaginal Smears
6.
Acta Med Port ; 35(6): 416-424, 2022 Jun 01.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35356860

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic led to the cancellation of healthcare appointments and to lower demand, which generated unmet healthcare needs. The aim of this study was to evaluate their prevalence and distribution in Portugal. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data came from the "Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe". Between June and August 2020, 1118 Portuguese individuals aged 50 or over were inquired about unmet healthcare needs due to: i) fear of getting infected; ii) cancellation by the doctor/healthcare services; iii) unsuccessful consultation request. The analysis of the prevalence of unmet needs was complemented by the calculation of the concentration indices as a function of the variables: income, education and health status. RESULTS: About 60% of respondents reported at least one unmet need, which was almost twice the European average. Motive ii) cancellation by the doctor/healthcare services was the most frequent. The prevalence of unmet needs differed depending on income level and health status. The indices evidence the concentration of unmet needs in individuals with the worst health status, although for the reason fear of infection the concentration occurred in those with higher levels of income and education. CONCLUSION: Our study showed a high prevalence of unmet needs and their concentration in individuals with worse health status. Given the association between unmet needs and the subsequent deterioration of health, these results should raise concerns about the near future.


Introdução: A pandemia por COVID-19 conduziu ao cancelamento de cuidados de saúde e à diminuição da sua procura resultando em necessidades de cuidados de saúde não satisfeitas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sua prevalência e distribuição, em Portugal. Material e Métodos: Os dados provêm do Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. Foram inquiridos 1118 portugueses com 50 ou mais anos, entre junho e agosto de 2020, sobre necessidades de cuidados de saúde não satisfeitas por: i) receio de ser infetado; ii) cancelamento por parte dos serviços de saúde; iii) solicitação de consulta não atendida. A análise de prevalência de necessidades não satisfeitas foi complementada pelo cálculo de índices de concentração em função das variáveis: rendimento, educação e estado de saúde. Resultados: Cerca de 60% dos inquiridos reportaram pelo menos uma necessidade não satisfeita, quase o dobro da média europeia, sendo o motivo ii) cancelamento por parte dos serviços de saúde o mais frequente. A prevalência de necessidades não satisfeitas diferiu consoante o nível de rendimento e o estado de saúde. Os índices comprovaram a sua concentração nos indivíduos com pior estado de saúde, embora para o motivo Receio a concentração ocorresse nos que têm maior rendimento e nível de educação. Conclusão: O nosso estudo revelou uma elevada prevalência de necessidades de cuidados de saúde não satisfeitas e a sua concentração em indivíduos com pior estado de saúde. Dada a associação entre necessidades não satisfeitas e a subsequente deterioração da saúde, estes resultados constituem um alerta para o futuro próximo.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Health Services Needs and Demand , Humans , Middle Aged , Portugal/epidemiology , Health Services Accessibility , COVID-19/epidemiology , Pandemics
7.
Cad Saude Publica ; 36(2): e00248418, 2020.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32022179

ABSTRACT

Unmet healthcare needs have been used to assess access to healthcare. In scenarios of recession and financial constraints on public policies, it is important to identify which factors besides income can be used to mitigate barriers to access. This was the focus of our study on Portugal's case in the wake of the crisis. We used 17,698 observations from the 5th National Health Survey (2014). We analyzed self-reported unmet needs for medical appointments and treatments, dental healthcare, and prescribed medications. We used a bivariate selection model, considering the fact that unmet needs could only be observed in the subsample of individuals that felt the need for healthcare. The risk of unmet needs for healthcare decreased in individuals with higher income and schooling levels and in the elderly and men. Exclusive coverage by the National Health Service increased the risk of unmet dental healthcare needs. The absence of a circle of close friends to whom one can ask for help and lack of trust in others increased the likelihood of unmet healthcare needs. Better health decreased the risk of unmet needs. While income is an important predictor of unmet needs, we found the impact of other factors such as gender, age, and education. Participation in informal groups reduced the likelihood of unmet needs. Individuals with more healthcare needs end up suffering additional risk.


As necessidades de cuidados de saúde não satisfeitas têm sido usadas para avaliar o acesso a cuidados de saúde. Em cenários de recessão e restrições financeiras impostas às políticas públicas, é importante identificar que fatores, para além do rendimento, podem ser usados para mitigar as barreiras no acesso. Este é o objetivo deste artigo, para o caso português, durante o rescaldo da crise. Usaram-se 17.698 observações do 5º Inquérito Nacional de Saúde (2014). Analisaram-se as necessidades não satisfeitas (autorreportadas) para as consultas e tratamentos médicos, cuidados de saúde dentários e medicamentos prescritos. Recorreu-se ao modelo de seleção bivariado, acomodando o fato de as necessidades não satisfeitas apenas poderem ser observadas na subamostra de indivíduos que sentiram necessidade de cuidados de saúde. O risco de necessidades de cuidados de saúde não satisfeitas diminui para rendimentos e níveis de educação mais altos bem como no grupo dos idosos e homens. Beneficiar apenas do Serviço Nacional de Saúde aumenta o risco de necessidades não satisfeitas na saúde oral. A ausência de um círculo de pessoas próximas a quem pedir ajuda e a falta de confiança nos outros tornam mais prováveis as necessidades de cuidados de saúde não satisfeitas. Mais saúde diminui o risco de necessidades de cuidados não satisfeitas. Sendo o rendimento um importante preditor das necessidades não satisfeitas, encontrou-se impacto de outros fatores como sexo, idade e educação. Participar em grupos informais reduz a probabilidade de necessidades não satisfeitas. Aqueles com mais necessidades de cuidados de saúde acabam por sofrer um risco acrescido por essa via.


Las necesidades de cuidados de salud sin satisfacer se han usado para evaluar el acceso a los cuidados de salud. En escenarios de recesión y restricciones financieras, impuestas a las políticas públicas, es importante identificar qué factores, más allá del rendimiento, pueden ser usados para mitigar las barreras en el acceso. Este es nuestro objetivo para el caso portugués tras la crisis. Se realizaron 17.698 observaciones de la 5ª Encuesta Nacional de Salud (2014). Analizamos las necesidades no satisfechas (auto-informadas) en consultas y tratamientos médicos, cuidados dentales de salud y medicamentos prescritos. Recurrimos al modelo de selección bivariado, ajustando el hecho de que las necesidades no satisfechas solamente podrían ser observadas en la submuestra de individuos que sintieron la necesidad de cuidados de salud. El riesgo de necesidades de cuidados de salud no satisfechas disminuye en el caso de las rentas y niveles de educación más altos, así como en el grupo de los ancianos y hombres. Beneficiar solamente el Servicio Nacional de Salud aumenta el riesgo de necesidades no satisfechas en la salud oral. La ausencia de un círculo de personas cercanas a quién pedir ayuda y la falta de confianza en los otros hacen más probables las necesidades de cuidados de salud no satisfechos. Más salud disminuye el riesgo de necesidades de cuidados no satisfechos. Siendo el rendimiento un importante predictor de las necesidades no satisfechas, encontramos impacto de otros factores como sexo, edad y educación. Participar en grupos informales reduce la probabilidad de necesidades no satisfechas. Aquellos con más necesidades de cuidados de salud acaban por sufrir un riesgo más grande por esta vía.


Subject(s)
Health Services Accessibility , Health Services Needs and Demand , State Medicine , Aged , Humans , Male , Portugal
8.
Acta Med Port ; 33(2): 93-100, 2020 Feb 03.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32035494

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Equity is a central goal of health policy in Portugal. However, empirical evidence regarding healthcare usage is scarce and there is a lack of up-to-date results. Our objective is to evaluate whether the principle of equal utilisation for equal need has been met. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We use data from the National Health Survey 2014. Healthcare usage is measured by the number of visits to a Family Physician or to a hospital-based specialist. To assess the factors affecting usage we adopted a multivariate regression analysis (Negative Binomial Model). To quantify income-related inequality/inequity in utilisation we computed the concentration index. RESULTS: Better self-assessed health and absence of limitations in daily activities decrease usage; suffering from chronic disease increases usage. Income is not statistically significant; education positively affects usage with a pronounced effect. Living in urban areas increases usage as well as living in Lisbon (compared to North). Living in Algarve or Madeira, or benefiting only from the National Health Service coverage negatively affects usage. The possibility for equity in Family Physician visits cannot be discarded. Regarding hospital based specialist and total visits, the evidence suggests the existence of pro-rich inequity. DISCUSSION: The observed income-related inequity seems to reflect inequalities in other non-need variables. Whether the results are affected by overuse, in the case of hospital based specialist visits, is an issue open to question. CONCLUSION: Portugal evolved favourably in terms of equity in healthcare usage but several challenges remain.


Introdução: A equidade é um objetivo central da política de saúde em Portugal. Contudo, a evidência empírica sobre utilização de cuidados é escassa não existindo resultados atualizados. O nosso objetivo é avaliar o respeito pelo princípio de igual utilização para igual necessidade.Material e Métodos: Usamos dados do Inquérito Nacional de Saúde 2014. A utilização de cuidados é medida pelo número de consultas de medicina geral e familiar ou de especialidades hospitalares. Para avaliar os fatores impactantes na utilização recorremos à análise de regressão multivariada (modelo binomial negativo). Para quantificar a desigualdade/iniquidade relacionada com o rendimento na utilização calcula-se o índice de concentração.Resultados: Ter melhor saúde autoavaliada e não sofrer de limitações nas atividades diárias reduz a utilização; sofrer de doença crónica aumenta o uso. O rendimento não é estatisticamente significativo; a educação aumenta o uso, com efeito pronunciado. Viver em zonas urbanas e em Lisboa (comparado com o Norte) aumenta a utilização. Residir no Algarve ou Madeira, ou beneficiar apenas do Serviço Nacional de Saúde está associado a menos utilização. Pelo índice de concentração, não se exclui a hipótese de equidade nas consultas de medicina geral e familiar. Em relação às consultas de especialidades hospitalares e totais, a evidência sugere iniquidade favorável aos mais ricos.Discussão: A iniquidade observada entre grupos de rendimento parece refletir desigualdades noutras variáveis de não-necessidade. Há a questão dos resultados poderem ser afetados por sobreutilização no caso de consultas de especialidades hospitalares.Conclusão: Portugal progrediu favoravelmente em termos de equidade na utilização de consultas, mas subsistem desafios.


Subject(s)
Appointments and Schedules , Facilities and Services Utilization/statistics & numerical data , Health Equity/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Income , Male , Middle Aged , Portugal , Poverty , Socioeconomic Factors , Young Adult
9.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 36(2): e00248418, 2020. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1055630

ABSTRACT

As necessidades de cuidados de saúde não satisfeitas têm sido usadas para avaliar o acesso a cuidados de saúde. Em cenários de recessão e restrições financeiras impostas às políticas públicas, é importante identificar que fatores, para além do rendimento, podem ser usados para mitigar as barreiras no acesso. Este é o objetivo deste artigo, para o caso português, durante o rescaldo da crise. Usaram-se 17.698 observações do 5º Inquérito Nacional de Saúde (2014). Analisaram-se as necessidades não satisfeitas (autorreportadas) para as consultas e tratamentos médicos, cuidados de saúde dentários e medicamentos prescritos. Recorreu-se ao modelo de seleção bivariado, acomodando o fato de as necessidades não satisfeitas apenas poderem ser observadas na subamostra de indivíduos que sentiram necessidade de cuidados de saúde. O risco de necessidades de cuidados de saúde não satisfeitas diminui para rendimentos e níveis de educação mais altos bem como no grupo dos idosos e homens. Beneficiar apenas do Serviço Nacional de Saúde aumenta o risco de necessidades não satisfeitas na saúde oral. A ausência de um círculo de pessoas próximas a quem pedir ajuda e a falta de confiança nos outros tornam mais prováveis as necessidades de cuidados de saúde não satisfeitas. Mais saúde diminui o risco de necessidades de cuidados não satisfeitas. Sendo o rendimento um importante preditor das necessidades não satisfeitas, encontrou-se impacto de outros fatores como sexo, idade e educação. Participar em grupos informais reduz a probabilidade de necessidades não satisfeitas. Aqueles com mais necessidades de cuidados de saúde acabam por sofrer um risco acrescido por essa via.


Unmet healthcare needs have been used to assess access to healthcare. In scenarios of recession and financial constraints on public policies, it is important to identify which factors besides income can be used to mitigate barriers to access. This was the focus of our study on Portugal's case in the wake of the crisis. We used 17,698 observations from the 5th National Health Survey (2014). We analyzed self-reported unmet needs for medical appointments and treatments, dental healthcare, and prescribed medications. We used a bivariate selection model, considering the fact that unmet needs could only be observed in the subsample of individuals that felt the need for healthcare. The risk of unmet needs for healthcare decreased in individuals with higher income and schooling levels and in the elderly and men. Exclusive coverage by the National Health Service increased the risk of unmet dental healthcare needs. The absence of a circle of close friends to whom one can ask for help and lack of trust in others increased the likelihood of unmet healthcare needs. Better health decreased the risk of unmet needs. While income is an important predictor of unmet needs, we found the impact of other factors such as gender, age, and education. Participation in informal groups reduced the likelihood of unmet needs. Individuals with more healthcare needs end up suffering additional risk.


Las necesidades de cuidados de salud sin satisfacer se han usado para evaluar el acceso a los cuidados de salud. En escenarios de recesión y restricciones financieras, impuestas a las políticas públicas, es importante identificar qué factores, más allá del rendimiento, pueden ser usados para mitigar las barreras en el acceso. Este es nuestro objetivo para el caso portugués tras la crisis. Se realizaron 17.698 observaciones de la 5ª Encuesta Nacional de Salud (2014). Analizamos las necesidades no satisfechas (auto-informadas) en consultas y tratamientos médicos, cuidados dentales de salud y medicamentos prescritos. Recurrimos al modelo de selección bivariado, ajustando el hecho de que las necesidades no satisfechas solamente podrían ser observadas en la submuestra de individuos que sintieron la necesidad de cuidados de salud. El riesgo de necesidades de cuidados de salud no satisfechas disminuye en el caso de las rentas y niveles de educación más altos, así como en el grupo de los ancianos y hombres. Beneficiar solamente el Servicio Nacional de Salud aumenta el riesgo de necesidades no satisfechas en la salud oral. La ausencia de un círculo de personas cercanas a quién pedir ayuda y la falta de confianza en los otros hacen más probables las necesidades de cuidados de salud no satisfechos. Más salud disminuye el riesgo de necesidades de cuidados no satisfechos. Siendo el rendimiento un importante predictor de las necesidades no satisfechas, encontramos impacto de otros factores como sexo, edad y educación. Participar en grupos informales reduce la probabilidad de necesidades no satisfechas. Aquellos con más necesidades de cuidados de salud acaban por sufrir un riesgo más grande por esta vía.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged , State Medicine , Health Services Accessibility , Health Services Needs and Demand , Portugal
10.
Health Policy ; 123(12): 1155-1162, 2019 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31615622

ABSTRACT

Unmet healthcare needs (or foregone healthcare) is a widely used intermediate indicator to evaluate healthcare systems attainment since it relates to health outcomes, financial risk protection, improved efficiency and responsiveness to the individuals' legitimate expectations. This paper discusses the ordinary measure of this indicator used so far, prevalence of unmet needs in the whole population, based on the level of healthcare needs among the population. The prevalence of needs and the prevalence of unmet needs among those in need are key aspects that have not yet been fully explored when it comes to foregone healthcare. We break down the ordinary measure into prevalence of needs and prevalence of unmet needs among those in need based on data taken from the European Social Survey 2014. Afterwards, we analyse these different measures in a cross-country perspective. We also discuss the link between them and the implicit relative assessment of healthcare systems considering the whole population and the sub-group of the population aged 65 or more. Comparisons across countries show different attainment levels unveiling varying challenges across European countries, depending on the combination of levels of need and levels of unmet needs for those in need.


Subject(s)
Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Health Services Needs and Demand/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cross-Sectional Studies , Europe , Female , Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence
11.
Health Policy ; 123(8): 747-755, 2019 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31213332

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the determinants of unmet healthcare needs in Europe. Special emphasis is put on the impact of social capital. Data come from the European Social Survey, 2014. Our study includes 32,868 respondents in 20 countries. Because unmet needs are observed only in those individuals who are exposed to, and recognise, the need of medical care, sample selection can be an issue. To address it, we analyse the data using the bivariate sample selection model. When there is no need, there is no assessment of access to healthcare. Accordingly, in this situation, our model assumes that unmet need is unobserved. The magnitude and statistical significance of the error correlation support our modelling strategy. A high proportion (18.4%) of individuals in need in Europe reported unmet needs. Informal connections seem to mitigate barriers to access as well as trust in other people and institutions, particularly in health services. Financial strain still is a strong predictor of unmet needs. Other vulnerable groups include informal carers, minorities and individuals feeling discriminated. Unmet needs might also arise due to persistent needs of healthcare as it seems to be the case of individuals with lower health status and chronic conditions. A result that merits further research concerns the positive impact of civic engagement on unmet needs.


Subject(s)
Health Services Needs and Demand/statistics & numerical data , Social Capital , Socioeconomic Factors , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Europe , Female , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Health Status , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Surveys and Questionnaires , Vulnerable Populations
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